Solvent extraction in complex fluids encompasses the transfer of solutes—most often metal ions or organic compounds—between two immiscible liquid phases underpinned by multiscale organisation. In such ...

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics extends classical equilibrium concepts to systems driven by gradients of temperature, chemical potential or mechanical forces, providing a quantitative framework for ...

Any plant, biological, petrochemical or environmental sample can be considered to be a complex sample. By definition, a complex sample is a multicomponent sample that contains a wide variety of ...