Every time I write about particle physics, I encounter a moment of uncertainty about a quantity that, at first glance, ought to be clear. How many kinds of elementary particles should I say there are?

Matter is made up of small particles called atoms. Atoms can exist on their own or together as molecules. Atoms are very small and around 100,000,000 of them end to end would measure 1 centimetre.

VLP technology shows remarkable versatility. Dozens of vaccine candidates are in development for infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and even cancer. These particles are made up of viral ...

Particle physics is the study of the elementary building blocks of matter and radiation and their interaction. The fundamental particles are summarised by the standard model. This includes leptons ...

Watch this video to find out how to use the periodic table to identify the atomic and mass numbers of an element. For example, the atomic number of sodium is 11. Every sodium atom has 11 protons and ...

Abstract: Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is an enabling technology to engineer the radio signal propagation in wireless networks. By smartly tuning the signal reflection via a large number of ...